為什麼 GNSS 衛星訊號容易遭受人為干擾與欺騙？

GNSS 衛星到達地面天線口的訊號功率極低（例如 GPS L1 C/A 約為 -158.5 dBW），訊號完全埋在噪聲底以下。人為發射寬帶或掃頻干擾能量可輕易壓低載噪比導致失鎖；而構造相同 PRN 碼與載波的欺騙訊號則能誘騙接收機輸出錯誤的位置解。

虹科 GNSS 模擬器如何協助定位設備製造商提升抗干擾能力？

虹科 GNSS 模擬器可在實驗室中精準復現霍爾木茲海峽事件中的位置跳變、軌跡漂移以及壓制/欺騙干擾環境。研發團隊可在產品部署前全面驗證接收機在極端電磁環境下的 AGC 表現、載噪比韌性與卡爾曼過濾演算法，確保定位安全。

【虹科方案】GNSS模擬器應對霍爾木茲海峽事件 - 虹科電子有限公司

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I. Introduction: Strategic Changes at the Data Layer under the Critical Infrastructure Legislation

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[Hongke Solutions] GNSS Simulators Respond to the Strait of Hormuz Incident

In February 2026, widespread GNSS signal anomalies were observed in the Strait of Hormuz and surrounding waters.. Sudden jumps in vessel positions; AIS tracks abnormally appearing at airports, nuclear power plants, or even inland areas; and vessel group trajectories forming “circles” or “zigzags.”. A large number of vessels were forced to slow down, drop anchor, change course, or even shut down their AIS systemsThe

Daily oil shipments through the Strait of Hormuz account for approximately 20 percent of the global total; oil tankers loaded with hundreds of thousands of metric tons of crude oil and measuring up to 300 meters in length require a considerable distance to turn or come to a stop.. When the exact positions of nearby vessels cannot be determined, the risk of collision increases significantly. This incident demonstrates that GNSS signal interference and spoofing are sufficient to make it difficult for commercial vessels to navigate through high-traffic watersThe

In the face of increasingly severe electromagnetic threats, how can manufacturers of positioning devices ensure that their devices maintain a minimum level of security even when signals are interfered with or spoofed?? This article will provide an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying GNSS signal vulnerabilities and presentHongke GNSS Simulator SolutionHow to Help Multiple Industries Overcome Complex Location Verification ChallengesThe

I. The Intrinsic Vulnerability of GNSS Signals

The fundamental reason GNSS is susceptible to interference is that the satellite signal power reaching the receiver antenna is extremely low.. For example, among the minimum receive power levels specified in the GPS SPS standard, L1 C/A is approximately -158.5 dBW, L2C is approximately -160.0 dBW, and L5 is approximately -157.9 dBW (the L1 carrier frequency is 1575.42 MHz, and the C/A code rate is 1.023 Mcps).The

Real GNSS signals are inherently buried more than ten dB below the noise floor; receivers operate based on pseudocode correlation, long-term accumulation, and tracking loop gain, rather than by “directly seeing” the satellite signals.The

From the perspective of signal mathematical models, the receiver input can be expressed as:

included among these $s(t)$ It is a real satellite spread-spectrum signal, $j(t)$ It is human-induced interference or a falsified signal, $n(t)$ It is thermal noise.The

II. The Impact of Spoofing on Location Determination

The essence of the deception lies in constructing an interference signal with “correct correlation structure but false geometric relationships,” causing the receiver to continue outputting a position solution that is, however, entirely controlled by the attacker.. GNSS spoofing is more dangerous than jamming; its goal is not to prevent the receiver from “determining its position,” but rather to cause it toConsistently locating the wrong spotThe

1. Relay-based spoofing (Beaconing / Replay)

After receiving the actual satellite signal, it is relayed and an additional delay is introduced, causing the pseudorange to increase overall and shifting the position solution toward an offset point.. Since the signal originates from a real satellite, it is extremely difficult for the targeted device to detect it.The

2. Generative Spoofing

The attacker synthesizes PRN codes, carrier frequencies, and navigation messages on the ground that match those of a real satellite. First, the attacker “captures” the receiver using slightly higher power, then slowly shifts the code phase, carrier phase, and Doppler frequency, causing the position solution to continuously drift toward a target false position.The

III. Hongke GNSS Simulator: Reproducing Extreme Threat Environments in the Laboratory

Regarding Position Jumps, Deviations from the Course, and Circular/Zigzag Trajectories in the Strait of Hormuz Incident, or extreme situations such as temporary interference with civilian frequency bands that prevents devices from determining their location(math.) genusHONGKE GNSS SimulatorAllows for the precise replication of corresponding jamming and spoofing environments in a laboratory settingThe

Core Advantages of the Hongke Solution:

1. Full-Scene Signal Generation

Can generate a wide range of GNSS signal conditions, from ideal electromagnetic environments to extreme composite interference (suppressive interference, relay spoofing, and generative spoofing)The

2. Early Evaluation and Algorithm Optimization

Help device manufacturers comprehensively evaluate navigation performance across various potential scenarios early in the product development process and optimize anti-interference and Kalman filter algorithms.The

3. Highly Reproducible Validation

Overcoming the drawbacks of field testing—such as unpredictability and high costs—by conducting standardized, automated, and consistent testing in the laboratoryThe

IV. Applications of Hongke GNSS Simulators Across Multiple Industries

Conducting systematic anti-interference and anti-spoofing tests on positioning devices using the Hongke GNSS simulator allows for thorough verification of their accuracy and robustness in complex electromagnetic environments prior to deployment.The

1. Cars and Autonomous Driving

Supports HiL (Hardware-in-the-Loop) high-real-time simulation testing to address navigation latency challenges and verify the safety of high-precision positioning for autonomous vehicles in tunnels, on urban elevated roads, and in the presence of electromagnetic interference.The

2. Low-Altitude Economy (Drones)

Enables comprehensive drone testing and wind tunnel testing to simulate hovering, route flight, and autonomous landing capabilities under complex airflow conditions and signal obstructionThe

3. Consumer Electronics and Embodied Intelligence

Overcoming the Limitations of Outdoor Testing to Enable High-Precision Localization Validation for Robots and Wearable Devices in Complex Indoor-Outdoor Boundary ScenariosThe

Conclusion

From shipping to automobiles, from drones to consumer electronics, only positioning devices that have undergone thorough simulation and validation can maintain the minimum standards for accuracy and safety in complex electromagnetic environments.TheHongke GNSS Simulator SolutionBy recreating real-world threat environments in the lab, devices are put through rigorous testing before they are deployed.The

Please contact the Hong Technology team to schedule a personalized consultation. GNSS Simulation Test Architecture Design and 1-on-1 Technical Consulting.

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